Bold Words: Thirty Years' War: A conflict over religion and territory and for power among European ruling families. Has two main phases: the phase of Hapsburg triumphs and the phase of Hapsburg defeats Seven Years' War: DOWN BELOW
Key people: Maria Theresa: Heir of Hapsburg territories. Junkers: Prussia's landowning nobility Frederick the Great: he followed his father's military policies when he came to power and ruled Prussia.
Key Events: -The Thirty Years' War-
• Lutheran and Catholic princes were both threatened by Calvinism
• Lutherans joined together in the Protestant Union in 1608
• Catholic Princes formed the Catholic League
Bohemian Protestants Revolt
• 1618- Ferdinand II was head of the Hapsburg family and ruled the Czech kingdom of Bohemia but many protestants in bohemia didn't like him and they revolted.
• German protestant princes took this change to challenge their Catholic emperor
• Thirty Year's War
Hapsburg Triumphs
• 30 yr war was 1618- 1648
• first 12 years- Hapsburg armies from Austria and Spain defeated the troops sent by the Protestant princes.
• They put down the Czech uprising and German protestants
• Ferdinand II had 125,000 men to rob German villages
Hapsburg Defeats
• Gustavas Adolphus of Sweden and his army of 23,000 drove the Hapsburg armies out of northern Germany in 1630.
• He died in 1632
• Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin feared the Hapsburgs. Richelieu sent French troops to join the German and Swedish Protestants to fight the Hapsburg armies.
Peace of Westphalia
• Germans population dropped from 20 mil- 16 mil. Didn't become a unified state until 1800s.
• Peace of Westphalia (1648) ended the war. Treaty had consequences
- weakened states of Spain and Australia
- strengthened France by awarding it German territory
- made German princes independent of the Holy Roman emperor
- ended religious wars in Europe
- introduced a new method of peace negotion
Beginning of Modern States
• Most important in 30 year war was Europe was recognized as a group of equal, independent states.
-States Form in Central Europe-
• In Europe major powers were: kingdom of Poland, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Ottoman Empire.
Economic Contrasts with the West
• central europe developed differently from western europe because of serfs moving to towns and joining middle-classman.
• central Europe landowners passed laws that made the serfs to not move to cities and produce large harvests.
Several Weak Empires
• Landowning nobles allowed the king little income, no law courts, and no standing army. As a result, there was no strong ruler.
• Ottoman Empire declined from its peak of power from 1529 on
• Thirty Years' War weakened the Holy Roman Empire and then it had no real power so it weakened empires and kingdoms.
Austria Grows Stronger
• Hapsburgs of Austria took several steps to become absolute monarchs. They reconquered Bohemia and wiped out the Protestantism there and created a new Czech nobility that pledged loyalty to them.
• They also centralized the government and created a standing army.
• 1699 they had retaken Hungary from the Ottoman empire
• 1711, Charles VI became the Hapsburg ruler. The fact that one Hapsburg ruler wore the Austrian, Hungarian, and Bohemian crowns kept the empire together.
Maria Theresa Inherits the Austrian Throne
• Charles VI persuaded other leaders of Europe to sign an agreement that declared they would recognize territories.
• That heir was named Maria Theresa and she faced years of war. Her main enemy was Prussia.
-Prussia Challenges Austria-
• Hohenzollern family ruled Prussia.
The Rise of Prussia
• 1640, 20 year old Frederick William (Great Elector) decided to have a strong army to ensure safety.
• It was an absolute monarchy and had the best standing army in Europe which had 80,000 men.
• They introduced permanent taxation to pay for army.
• They Weakened the representative assemblies of their territories.
• Junkers resisted the king's power. Early 1700s, King Frederick William I gave the Junkers the exclusive right to be officers in his army. Became highly militarized society.
Frederick the Great
• 1730, Fredericks son, Frederick ran away with his friend. To punish the kid frederick, the king ordered him to witness his friend's beheading. • Fredrick II (Frederick the Great) he softened some of his father's laws and thought a ruler should be like a father to his people.
War of the Austrian Succession
• 1740, Maria Theresa succeeded her father, just five months after Frederick II became king of Prussia. In 1740, he sent his army to occupy Silesia, beginning of the war of the Austrian Succession.
• She journeyed to hungary and got a army by the Hapsburg ruler. She did stop Prussia's aggression, she lost Silesia in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748.
The Seven Years' War
• Maria Theresa made an alliance with the French. So Frederick signed a treaty with Britain. Now, Austria, France, Russia and others were allied against Britain and Prussia.
• Not only did Austria and Prussia switched allies, and Russia was playing a role in European affairs.
• 1756, Frederick attacked Saxony. This started a war. Fought in Europe, India, and North America, until 1763. Called the Seven Years' War.
• The British were the real victors in the Seven Years' war. France lost it's colonies in North America, and Britain gained sole economic domination of India.
Thirty Years' War: A conflict over religion and territory and for power among European ruling families. Has two main phases: the phase of Hapsburg triumphs and the phase of Hapsburg defeats
Seven Years' War: DOWN BELOW
Key people:
Maria Theresa: Heir of Hapsburg territories.
Junkers: Prussia's landowning nobility
Frederick the Great: he followed his father's military policies when he came to power and ruled Prussia.
Key Events:
-The Thirty Years' War-
• Lutheran and Catholic princes were both threatened by Calvinism
• Lutherans joined together in the Protestant Union in 1608
• Catholic Princes formed the Catholic League
Bohemian Protestants Revolt
• 1618- Ferdinand II was head of the Hapsburg family and ruled the Czech kingdom of Bohemia but many protestants in bohemia didn't like him and they revolted.
• German protestant princes took this change to challenge their Catholic emperor
• Thirty Year's War
Hapsburg Triumphs
• 30 yr war was 1618- 1648
• first 12 years- Hapsburg armies from Austria and Spain defeated the troops sent by the Protestant princes.
• They put down the Czech uprising and German protestants
• Ferdinand II had 125,000 men to rob German villages
Hapsburg Defeats
• Gustavas Adolphus of Sweden and his army of 23,000 drove the Hapsburg armies out of northern Germany in 1630.
• He died in 1632
• Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin feared the Hapsburgs. Richelieu sent French troops to join the German and Swedish Protestants to fight the Hapsburg armies.
Peace of Westphalia
• Germans population dropped from 20 mil- 16 mil. Didn't become a unified state until 1800s.
• Peace of Westphalia (1648) ended the war. Treaty had consequences
- weakened states of Spain and Australia
- strengthened France by awarding it German territory
- made German princes independent of the Holy Roman emperor
- ended religious wars in Europe
- introduced a new method of peace negotion
Beginning of Modern States
• Most important in 30 year war was Europe was recognized as a group of equal, independent states.
-States Form in Central Europe-
• In Europe major powers were: kingdom of Poland, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Ottoman Empire.
Economic Contrasts with the West
• central europe developed differently from western europe because of serfs moving to towns and joining middle-classman.
• central Europe landowners passed laws that made the serfs to not move to cities and produce large harvests.
Several Weak Empires
• Landowning nobles allowed the king little income, no law courts, and no standing army. As a result, there was no strong ruler.
• Ottoman Empire declined from its peak of power from 1529 on
• Thirty Years' War weakened the Holy Roman Empire and then it had no real power so it weakened empires and kingdoms.
Austria Grows Stronger
• Hapsburgs of Austria took several steps to become absolute monarchs. They reconquered Bohemia and wiped out the Protestantism there and created a new Czech nobility that pledged loyalty to them.
• They also centralized the government and created a standing army.
• 1699 they had retaken Hungary from the Ottoman empire
• 1711, Charles VI became the Hapsburg ruler. The fact that one Hapsburg ruler wore the Austrian, Hungarian, and Bohemian crowns kept the empire together.
Maria Theresa Inherits the Austrian Throne
• Charles VI persuaded other leaders of Europe to sign an agreement that declared they would recognize territories.
• That heir was named Maria Theresa and she faced years of war. Her main enemy was Prussia.
-Prussia Challenges Austria-
• Hohenzollern family ruled Prussia.
The Rise of Prussia
• 1640, 20 year old Frederick William (Great Elector) decided to have a strong army to ensure safety.
• It was an absolute monarchy and had the best standing army in Europe which had 80,000 men.
• They introduced permanent taxation to pay for army.
• They Weakened the representative assemblies of their territories.
• Junkers resisted the king's power. Early 1700s, King Frederick William I gave the Junkers the exclusive right to be officers in his army. Became highly militarized society.
Frederick the Great
• 1730, Fredericks son, Frederick ran away with his friend. To punish the kid frederick, the king ordered him to witness his friend's beheading.
• Fredrick II (Frederick the Great) he softened some of his father's laws and thought a ruler should be like a father to his people.
War of the Austrian Succession
• 1740, Maria Theresa succeeded her father, just five months after Frederick II became king of Prussia. In 1740, he sent his army to occupy Silesia, beginning of the war of the Austrian Succession.
• She journeyed to hungary and got a army by the Hapsburg ruler. She did stop Prussia's aggression, she lost Silesia in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748.
The Seven Years' War
• Maria Theresa made an alliance with the French. So Frederick signed a treaty with Britain. Now, Austria, France, Russia and others were allied against Britain and Prussia.
• Not only did Austria and Prussia switched allies, and Russia was playing a role in European affairs.
• 1756, Frederick attacked Saxony. This started a war. Fought in Europe, India, and North America, until 1763. Called the Seven Years' War.
• The British were the real victors in the Seven Years' war. France lost it's colonies in North America, and Britain gained sole economic domination of India.